What is bounded and unbounded wildcards in Generics Java? Example

Bounded and unbounded wildcards in Generics are two types of wildcards available on Java. Any Type can be bounded either upper or lower of the class hierarchy in Generics by using bounded wildcards. In short <? extends T> and <? super T> represent bounded wildcards while <?> represent an unbounded wildcard in generics. In our last article How Generics works in Java, we have seen some basic details about bounded and unbounded wildcards in generics and In this Java tutorial, we will see bounded and unbounded generics wildcards in detail.

Top 5 Courses to Learn Eclipse IDE for Java Programmers in 2021 - Best of Lot

Hello guys, If you are in Java development, you may know that Eclipse is one of the most popular IDEs for Java development and millions of Java developers used it worldwide. Since IDEs like Eclipse, NetBeans, and IntelliJIDEA are an integral part of a Java developer's life, it makes sense to spend some time learning your IDE like Eclipse and get productive with it. This will not only save a lot of your time during development, testing, and debugging, but it will also make you a better developer. It's said that a craftsman is as good as their tools, and it's true for a programmer also. In general, expert developers have better tools, and they know their tools better, which often differentiates them from average programmers.

Difference between Right shift and Unsigned right shift in Java ( >> and >>> ) Example

There are two types of right shift operator in Java >> and >>>,  former is known as right shift and later is known as right shift with zero fill or simply unsigned right shift operator in Java.  Though both of them are known as bit shift operators and moves bits patterns towards right hand side of a bit sequence, there is a subtle difference between them. When we use right shift operator i.e. ">>" it keeps the sign bit intact i.e. if the original number is negative then it will remain negative even after right shift i.e. first or most significant bit never lost, doesn't matter how many times you shift.

Difference between repaint and revalidate method in Java Swing

What is the difference between revalidate() and repaint() in Java Swing is one of the popular Swing Interview Questions especially on Investment banks? Though both methods sound similar, there is a subtle difference between them. the revalidate() method instructs LayoutManager to recalculate layout and often called once new components are added or removed from Container. The revalidate() can also trigger to call the repaint() method to repaint components that have changed i.e. width, height, or any other visible property, which can affect layout. On the other hand repaint() method puts a paint request in AWT thread, for the repainting of a component on which it has called.

What is the maximum Heap Size of 32 bit or 64-bit JVM in Windows and Linux?

Maximum heap size  for 32 bit or 64 bit JVM looks easy to determine by looking at addressable memory space like 2^32 (4GB) for 32 bit JVM and 2^64 for 64 bit JVM. The confusion starts here because you can not really set 4GB as the maximum heap size for 32 bit JVM using -Xmx JVM heap options. You will get could not create the Java virtual machine Invalid maximum heap size: -Xmx  error. There could be much different reasons why maximum heap space for JVM is less than its theoretical limit and varies from one operating system to other e.g. different in Windows, Linux, and Solaris.

How to Replace Line Breaks , New Lines From String in Java - Windows, Mac or Linux Example

We often need to replace line terminator characters, also known as line breaks e.g. new line \n and carriage return \r with different characters. One of the common case is to replace all line breaks with empty space in order to concatenate multiple lines into one long line of String. In order to replace line breaks, you must know line terminator or new line characters for that platform. For example, In Windows operating system e.g. Windows 7 and 8, lines are terminated by \n\r  also known as CR+LF, while in Unix environment e.g. Linux or Solaris line terminator is \n, known as line feed LF. You can also get line terminator pragmatically by using Java system property line.terminator.

How to Convert Byte Array to InputStream and OutputStream in Java? Example

Are you stuck with your coding because you have a byte array and the next method in the chain needs an InputStream? don't worry Java has a solution for that, You can use ByteArrayInputStream to convert byte array to InputStream in Java. This class takes a byte array as the source and since it's a subclass of InputStream, you can easily pass this to any method, which accepts InputStream as a parameter. Though most of the API like JDBC and File API allows you to read directly from InputStream because this allows you to process an arbitrary content with limited heap space. You should take advantage of this and directly read from InputStream instead of getting byte array and then converting them back to InputStream.

How to Create JUnit Tests in Eclipse and NetBeans IDE? Java Example

Writing JUnit tests for Java classes in Eclipse and Netbeans IDE is super easy, and I will show you that later in this JUnit tutorial. Before that, let’s revise what is a unit test and why should you write them. A unit test is to test a smaller unit of code, e.g. methods.  Writing a unit test to test the individual unit of code is one of the best development practices and helps to find bug earlier in the development cycle. Though there is another unit testing framework available in Java e.g. TestNG, JUnit has its own place among Java developers. IMHO code review and unit testing are two most important practices for improving code quality and should always be followed during software development.

10 Articles Every Programmer Must Read

Being a Java programmer and Software developer, I have learned a lot from articles titled What Every Programmer Should Know about ....., they tend to give a lot of useful and in-depth information about a particular topic, which otherwise is very hard to discover. In my quest for learning, I have come across some very useful articles, which I have bookmarked for reference and multiple readings. I personally think that all programmers can benefit by reading these articles, which makes me write this post and share all of these "What Every Programmer Should Know" articles with you guys. These are from my personal bookmarks.

What is java.library.path? How to set in Eclipse IDE? Example

java.library.path is a System property, which is used by Java programming language, mostly JVM, to search native libraries, required by a project. Similar to PATH and Classpath environment variable, java.library.path also includes a list of directory. When Java code loads a native library (a library or executable written in a language like C, C++, or native code) using System.loadLibrary("name of library") method, java.library.path is scanned for specified library. If JVM doesn't found the requested native library, then it throws java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError: no native library in java.library.path.

How to add and substract days in current date in Java? Example Tutorial

While working on Java projects, we often need to increment or decrement date e.g. adding one day to the current date to get tomorrow's date, subtracting one day to get yesterday's date, etc. Since date in Java is maintained as long millisecond value, Sometimes, programmers tend to add 24 hours as one day, which could be wrong if day falls on a daylight saving time zone, where a day could be either 23 or 25 hour long. When you add or subtract days from date, other components' of date e.g. month and year must roll. In this Java date tutorial, we will see two ways to increment and decrement date in Java. 

10 JDK 7 Features to Revisit, Before You Welcome Java 8 - Examples

It's been almost a month since Java 8 is released and I am sure all of you are exploring new features of JDK 8. But, before you completely delve into Java 8, it’s time to revisit some of the cool features introduced on Java 7. If you remember, Java 6 was nothing on the feature, it was all about JVM changes and performance, but JDK 7 did introduce some cool features which improved the developer's day to day task. Why I am writing this post now? Why I am talking about Java 1. 7, when everybody is talking about Java 8? Well I think, not all Java developers are familiar with changes introduced in JDK 7, and what time can be better to revisit an earlier version than before welcoming a new version.

Java Program to find factorial of number in Java - Example Tutorial

How to find the factorial of a number in Java in both recursive and iterative ways is a common Java interview question mostly asked at the fresher level. It’s not just popular in Java interviews but also in other programming languages like C or C++. It's also famous  In our last article we have seen how to check if a number is prime or not and in this Java programming tutorial, we will see a simple Java program to find the factorial of a number in Java by using recursion and iteration. The same program can also be used to print factorial of any number or print a range of factorial as well.

Top 50 Programmer Phone Interview Questions with Answers

For the last few years, phone interviews also known as the telephonic round is the single most popular way to screen candidates in a programming job interview. It's easy for both parties to gauge each other, the candidate doesn't need to travel to the prospective Employer's premises and the Interviewer also doesn't need to make any necessary arrangements. This is the second part of my article on programming interview questions, in the first part, I got feedback that it is a little bit heavy on coding-based questions and many programmers asked me to share a similar list for the telephonic round of programming Interviews. In order to clear the telephonic round and proceed to the next round, you must be good enough to answer all the questions related to your Job description.

7 Examples to Read File into a Byte Array in Java

Hello guys, Java programmers often face scenarios in real-world programming, where they need to load data from a file into a byte array, it could be text or binary file. One example is to convert the contents of a file into String for display. Unfortunately, Java's File class, which is used to represent both files and directories, doesn't have a method say toByteArray(). It only holds path and allows you to perform certain operations like opening and closing file, but doesn't allow you to directly convert File to a byte array. Anyway, no need to worry as there are several other ways to read File into a byte array and you will learn those in this Java file tutorial.

Difference between Connected vs Disconnected RowSet in Java JDBC | RowSetProvider, RowSetFactory Example

RowSet interface is another key interface from JDBC API, which extends the ResultSet interface to provide support for the JavaBean component model. Along with convenient methods to set connection parameters like the setUrl(), setUsername(), setPassword() and setCommand(), it also defines getters and setters for different data types e.g. getLong() and setLong(). Another feature of RowSet is that it supports event listeners. You can attach listeners to RowSet object to listen for events, much like Observer design pattern. RowSet acts as Subject and notifies Observer on events like change in cursor location, change in a row, or change in the entire RowSet. There are two types of RowSet available in JDBC 4.1 API, connected and disconnected.

Difference between Stub and Mock object in Java Unit testing - JUnit

JUnit is the most popular framework for unit testing Java code. Unit testing is used to test a single programming unit e.g. a class or a method, in-fact many Java developers write unit tests on a per-method basis. Stub and Mock objects are two concepts that help during unit testing, they are not real objects but act like real objects for unit testing purposes. By the way, If you are absolutely a beginner in Java Unit testing then you can see this post to learn how to create the JUnit test in Eclipse. Coming back to Stubs and Mocks, One reason for using Stub and Mock object is the dependency of one unit into another. Since in real-world, the most unit doesn't work in isolation, they use dependent class and object to complete there task.

How to Add Leading Zeros to Integers in Java ? String Left Padding Example Program

Hello guys, you may know that from Java 5 onwards it's easy to left pad Integers with leading zeros when printing number as String. In fact, You can use the same technique to left and right pad Java String with any characters including zeros, space. Java 5 provides String format methods to display String in various formats. By using the format() method we can add leading zeros to an Integer or String number. By the way, this is also known as left padding Integers with zero in Java. For those who are not familiar with the left and right padding of String, here is a quick recap;

How to Implement Linked List in Java with JUnit Test Example

In this article, we will learn two things, how to implement a linked list from scratch in Java and how to write a unit test using JUnit framework. Though Java has LinkedList class, which is an implementation of the doubly linked list, its good to know how to implement singly linked list in Java, mostly to practice coding interview questions. Coming to back to writing a unit test, from time to time, I have said that a Java programmer must write unit tests. IMHO, unit testing is the best development practice to improve code quality. Fortunately, Java ecosystem has the luxury of great unit testing frameworks in form of JUnit and TestNG, and every Java developer should take advantage of this.

Difference between FileInputStream and FileReader in Java | InputStream vs Reader Example

Before going to explain specific difference between FileInputStream and FileReader in Java, I would like to state fundamental difference between an InputStream and a Reader in Java, and when to use InputStream and when to go for Reader. Actually, Both InputStream and Reader are abstractions to read data from source, which can be either file or socket, but main difference between them is, InputStream is used to read binary data, while Reader is used to read text data, precisely Unicode characters. So what is difference between binary and text data? well everything you read is essentially bytes, but to convert a byte to text, you need a character encoding scheme. Reader classes uses character encoding to decode bytes and return characters to caller.

Top 20 Amazon and Google Programming Interview Questions

Hello, In this article I am going to sharing some frequently asked programming job interviews from technical giants and startups. If you are going for a programming job interview with Microsoft, Google, or Amazon, you better be prepared for all kinds of questions. These companies are known to ask tough questions, tricky puzzles, and lots of data structure and algorithm questions. Since it's hard to prepare all these in a short time, it makes sense to at least have a good idea of frequently asked programming questions in Microsoft, Google, or Amazon.

Top 10 Puzzles, Riddles, Logical, and Lateral Thinking Questions Asked in Programming Job Interviews

Puzzles, riddles, logical questions, and lateral thinking questions are an integral part of any programming job interviews. I missed to include some puzzles when I shared my list of top 30 programming interview questions earlier, and a couple of my friends requested to share some puzzles as well. These puzzles and lateral thinking questions are mostly collected from various Java programming interviews on Investment banks, but they are equally useful for any programming job interviews. I have seen more puzzles and logical questions at the junior level i.e. 2 to 4 years.

Difference between UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32 Character Encoding? Example

The main difference between UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32 character encoding is how many bytes it requires to represent a character in memory. UTF-8 uses a minimum of one byte, while UTF-16 uses a minimum of 2 bytes. BTW, if the character's code point is greater than 127, the maximum value of byte then UTF-8 may take 2, 3 o 4 bytes but UTF-16 will only take either two or four bytes. On the other hand, UTF-32 is a fixed-width encoding scheme and always uses 4 bytes to encode a Unicode code point. Now, let's start with what is character encoding and why it's important? Well, character encoding is an important concept in the process of converting byte streams into characters, which can be displayed.

How to Remove Given Character From String in Java - Recursion Example

Write a program to remove a given character from String in Java. Your program must remove all occurrences of a given character. For example, if given String is "aaaaa" and String to remove is "a" then the output should be an empty String. Similarly, if input String is "abc" and character to remove is "b" then your program must return "ac" as output. You are not allowed to use any JDK method or third party method which solves this method directly, but you can use basic String manipulation method like indexOf(), toChar() or substring() from java.lang.String class.

How to Implement Thread in Java with Example

How to implement Thread in Java
In my opinion, Thread is one of the most important features of the Java programming language which helped it to become the most popular programming language. I remember, when I first started learning Java in one of the programming classes in India how important Thread was a portrait and how much emphasis is given on a clear understanding of multi-threading. It’s still popular and one of most sought after skills in Java programmer because writing concurrent and multi-threaded applications in Java is challenging, despite Java providing excellent support at language level using synchronized and volatile keyword.